Psychiatric conditions secondary to social isolation, hysteria and the loss of loved ones, are likely features of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Micro-emboli in brain tissue, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, neuro-inflammation leading to coagulopathy, and factors related to hospital admission (mechanical ventilation and medications such as sedatives) may contribute to long-term neurological symptoms. Symptoms of acute COVID-19 such as myalgia, dizziness, headache, and impaired consciousness may have a neurological aetiology and persist beyond the acute phase. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines define post-COVID-19 syndrome as “signs and symptoms that develop during or after an infection consistent with COVID-19, continue for more than 12 weeks (3 months) and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis. However, data on neurological symptoms that persist (or develop) three months or more after acute COVID-19 have not yet been systematically consolidated. Previous studies have documented residual symptoms that continue (or develop) 4–12 weeks after the onset of acute COVID-19, known as “post-acute or long COVID-19”. These features have been identified in patients regardless of acute COVID-19 severity. Of equal and urgent concern is the burden associated with COVID-19 symptoms that persist beyond the onset of infection, called COVID-19 long haul (LH) symptoms or post-COVID-19 syndrome. Cohorts with >20% of patients admitted to the ICU during acute COVID-19 experienced higher prevalence of fatigue, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances than cohorts with <20% of ICU admission.Īcute coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continues to overwhelm healthcare systems and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Compared to non-hospitalised patients, patients hospitalised for acute COVID-19 had reduced frequency of anosmia, anxiety, depression, dysgeusia, fatigue, headache, myalgia, and sleep disturbance at three (or more) months post-infection. Neuropsychiatric symptoms substantially increased in prevalence between mid- and long-term follow-up. Of 1458 articles, 18 studies, encompassing a total of 10,530 patients, were analysed.
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